A patient is diagnosed with anemia of chronic disease. Which of the following cytokines is most likely involved in the pathogenesis of this condition?

A Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)
B Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
C Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)
D All of the above ✓

Explanation

Anemia of chronic disease is associated with chronic inflammation, and several cytokines including TNF-alpha, IL-2, and IFN-gamma play roles in its pathogenesis by affecting iron metabolism and erythropoiesis.

Source

Blood Journal
Hematology Hematology: Anemia Hematology: Anemia Medium MEDICAL Confidence: high