MCQs on Human Nervous System

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1. Which is the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system?

    • a) Neuron
    • b) Axon
    • c) Dendrite
    • d) Synapse

Answer: a) Neuron
Description: A neuron is the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system. It transmits electrical and chemical signals, enabling communication between different parts of the body. Neurons consist of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon.

2. Which part of the brain controls voluntary actions?

    • a) Cerebrum
    • b) Cerebellum
    • c) Medulla oblongata
    • d) Hypothalamus

Answer: a) Cerebrum
Description: The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for voluntary actions, sensory perception, and higher cognitive functions like thinking and memory. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.

3. What type of neurons carry impulses from the sensory organs to the central nervous system?

    • a) Motor neurons
    • b) Sensory neurons
    • c) Interneurons
    • d) Association neurons

Answer: b) Sensory neurons
Description: Sensory neurons transmit impulses from sensory organs like eyes, ears, and skin to the central nervous system. They are crucial for processing external stimuli and initiating appropriate responses.

4. Which part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance?

    • a) Cerebrum
    • b) Cerebellum
    • c) Pons
    • d) Thalamus

Answer: b) Cerebellum
Description: The cerebellum, located at the back of the brain, coordinates voluntary movements and maintains balance and posture. It ensures smooth and precise motor actions.

5. What is the functional gap between two neurons called?

    • a) Synapse
    • b) Axon terminal
    • c) Dendrite
    • d) Myelin sheath

Answer: a) Synapse
Description: A synapse is the junction where one neuron communicates with another through neurotransmitters. Electrical impulses are converted into chemical signals, allowing signal transmission across the synaptic gap.

6. What is the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord called?

    • a) Myelin sheath
    • b) Meninges
    • c) Dura mater
    • d) White matter

Answer: b) Meninges
Description: The meninges are protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. They consist of three layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. They provide structural support and protect the central nervous system from injury.

7. Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary actions?

    • a) Somatic nervous system
    • b) Autonomic nervous system
    • c) Central nervous system
    • d) Peripheral nervous system

Answer: b) Autonomic nervous system
Description: The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions like heart rate, digestion, and respiration. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, which control the body’s response to stress and relaxation, respectively.

8. What type of nerve fibers carry impulses away from the central nervous system to muscles?

    • a) Sensory fibers
    • b) Afferent fibers
    • c) Efferent fibers
    • d) Interneurons

Answer: c) Efferent fibers
Description: Efferent fibers, or motor neurons, transmit impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. These fibers enable the body to perform voluntary and involuntary actions.

9. Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in muscle contraction?

    • a) Dopamine
    • b) Serotonin
    • c) Acetylcholine
    • d) GABA

Answer: c) Acetylcholine
Description: Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in muscle contraction. It is released at neuromuscular junctions, binding to receptors on muscle cells and triggering contraction.

10. What is the main function of the myelin sheath?

    • a) Store neurotransmitters
    • b) Protect the brain
    • c) Insulate axons
    • d) Produce hormones

Answer: c) Insulate axons
Description: The myelin sheath is a fatty layer that surrounds axons, insulating them and increasing the speed of nerve impulse conduction. It is critical for efficient communication within the nervous system.

11. Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision?

    • a) Optic nerve
    • b) Oculomotor nerve
    • c) Trigeminal nerve
    • d) Facial nerve

Answer: a) Optic nerve
Description: The optic nerve (cranial nerve II) transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. It plays a vital role in vision and enables the brain to process visual stimuli.

12. Which part of the brain regulates body temperature?

    • a) Cerebrum
    • b) Cerebellum
    • c) Hypothalamus
    • d) Medulla oblongata

Answer: c) Hypothalamus
Description: The hypothalamus regulates body temperature by maintaining homeostasis. It also controls hunger, thirst, sleep, and hormonal secretions, ensuring the body’s internal environment remains stable.

13. Which ion is essential for the generation of an action potential?

    • a) Calcium
    • b) Sodium
    • c) Potassium
    • d) Chloride

Answer: b) Sodium
Description: Sodium ions (Na⁺) are essential for generating action potentials. During depolarization, sodium channels open, allowing sodium to enter the neuron, creating an electrical impulse for nerve signal transmission.

14. Which division of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?

    • a) Autonomic nervous system
    • b) Central nervous system
    • c) Peripheral nervous system
    • d) Somatic nervous system

Answer: b) Central nervous system
Description: The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord. It processes sensory information, integrates data, and coordinates responses by transmitting signals to the body.

15. Which lobe of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?

    • a) Frontal lobe
    • b) Parietal lobe
    • c) Temporal lobe
    • d) Occipital lobe

Answer: d) Occipital lobe
Description: The occipital lobe, located at the back of the brain, processes visual information from the eyes. It is responsible for interpreting light, color, and shapes, enabling visual perception.

16. What is the primary function of the spinal cord?

    • a) Control voluntary actions
    • b) Transmit signals between the brain and body
    • c) Regulate hormonal balance
    • d) Control reflex actions

Answer: b) Transmit signals between the brain and body
Description: The spinal cord acts as a communication highway, transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain and motor commands from the brain to the body. It also mediates reflex actions.

17. Which nervous system division is responsible for the fight-or-flight response?

    • a) Somatic nervous system
    • b) Parasympathetic nervous system
    • c) Sympathetic nervous system
    • d) Central nervous system

Answer: c) Sympathetic nervous system
Description: The sympathetic nervous system activates the body’s fight-or-flight response during stress, increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and redirecting blood flow to muscles to prepare for rapid action.

18. What structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

    • a) Corpus callosum
    • b) Medulla oblongata
    • c) Pons
    • d) Cerebellum

Answer: a) Corpus callosum
Description: The corpus callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, facilitating communication and coordination between the two sides.

19. Which cranial nerve controls movements of the tongue?

    • a) Hypoglossal nerve
    • b) Glossopharyngeal nerve
    • c) Vagus nerve
    • d) Facial nerve

Answer: a) Hypoglossal nerve
Description: The hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) controls tongue movements, including swallowing and speech. It enables the tongue to move in various directions for efficient functioning.

20. What type of glial cell produces myelin in the central nervous system?

    • a) Astrocytes
    • b) Oligodendrocytes
    • c) Schwann cells
    • d) Microglia

Answer: b) Oligodendrocytes
Description: Oligodendrocytes are specialized glial cells in the central nervous system that produce myelin, a fatty sheath that insulates axons and speeds up nerve impulse transmission.

21. Which part of the brainstem controls basic life functions like breathing and heart rate?

    • a) Pons
    • b) Medulla oblongata
    • c) Thalamus
    • d) Cerebellum

Answer: b) Medulla oblongata
Description: The medulla oblongata is located at the base of the brainstem and controls vital autonomic functions, including respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure, ensuring survival.

22. What is the role of the thalamus in the nervous system?

    • a) Regulate balance and posture
    • b) Act as a relay center for sensory information
    • c) Control voluntary movements
    • d) Produce cerebrospinal fluid

Answer: b) Act as a relay center for sensory information
Description: The thalamus serves as a relay station for sensory information, transmitting signals from the body to appropriate areas of the brain for processing, except for the sense of smell.

23. Which neurotransmitter is primarily inhibitory in the central nervous system?

    • a) Glutamate
    • b) GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)
    • c) Serotonin
    • d) Acetylcholine

Answer: b) GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)
Description: GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It reduces neuronal excitability, helping to maintain balance and prevent overactivity in the brain.

24. What is the outermost layer of the meninges called?

    • a) Dura mater
    • b) Arachnoid mater
    • c) Pia mater
    • d) Epidural space

Answer: a) Dura mater
Description: The dura mater is the tough, outermost layer of the meninges that protects the brain and spinal cord. It provides a durable protective barrier against physical impacts.

25. What is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    • a) Lubricate joints
    • b) Cushion and protect the brain and spinal cord
    • c) Aid in digestion
    • d) Stimulate muscle contraction

Answer: b) Cushion and protect the brain and spinal cord
Description: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounds the brain and spinal cord, acting as a cushion to protect them from trauma. It also supplies nutrients and removes waste products.

26. Which part of the neuron receives signals from other neurons?

    • a) Axon
    • b) Dendrite
    • c) Synaptic cleft
    • d) Node of Ranvier

Answer: b) Dendrite
Description: Dendrites are branched structures extending from the neuron’s cell body. They receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body for processing.

27. Which nerve controls the diaphragm?

    • a) Vagus nerve
    • b) Phrenic nerve
    • c) Hypoglossal nerve
    • d) Trigeminal nerve

Answer: b) Phrenic nerve
Description: The phrenic nerve arises from the cervical spinal cord and controls the diaphragm, the primary muscle involved in breathing. It enables both voluntary and involuntary breathing movements.

28. What is the primary role of interneurons?

    • a) Transmit signals to muscles
    • b) Connect sensory and motor neurons
    • c) Produce cerebrospinal fluid
    • d) Protect the brain from injury

Answer: b) Connect sensory and motor neurons
Description: Interneurons, also known as association neurons, are located in the central nervous system. They connect sensory neurons to motor neurons, facilitating the integration and processing of information.

29. Which structure produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    • a) Choroid plexus
    • b) Hypothalamus
    • c) Pineal gland
    • d) Pituitary gland

Answer: a) Choroid plexus
Description: The choroid plexus is a network of specialized cells in the brain's ventricles that produce cerebrospinal fluid. It plays a crucial role in protecting and nourishing the brain and spinal cord.

30. Which part of the nervous system regulates digestion and glandular secretions?

    • a) Sympathetic nervous system
    • b) Parasympathetic nervous system
    • c) Central nervous system
    • d) Somatic nervous system

Answer: b) Parasympathetic nervous system
Description: The parasympathetic nervous system, part of the autonomic nervous system, regulates digestion and glandular secretions. It promotes "rest and digest" activities, conserving energy and maintaining normal body functions.

31. What is the gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron called?

    • a) Axon
    • b) Synaptic cleft
    • c) Node of Ranvier
    • d) Synaptic vesicle

Answer: b) Synaptic cleft
Description: The synaptic cleft is the microscopic gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. Neurotransmitters are released into this gap to transmit signals from one neuron to another.

32. Which type of cells form the blood-brain barrier?

    • a) Microglia
    • b) Astrocytes
    • c) Oligodendrocytes
    • d) Schwann cells

Answer: b) Astrocytes
Description: Astrocytes are glial cells that form the blood-brain barrier, regulating the passage of substances between the bloodstream and the brain, thereby protecting the brain from toxins and maintaining its environment.

33. Which nerve is the longest in the human body?

    • a) Sciatic nerve
    • b) Vagus nerve
    • c) Phrenic nerve
    • d) Optic nerve

Answer: a) Sciatic nerve
Description: The sciatic nerve, originating in the lower back and extending down to the legs, is the longest and thickest nerve in the body. It is responsible for motor and sensory functions of the lower limbs.

34. Which part of the brain is involved in the production of speech?

    • a) Broca's area
    • b) Wernicke's area
    • c) Occipital lobe
    • d) Cerebellum

Answer: a) Broca's area
Description: Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe, controls speech production and articulation. Damage to this area can lead to Broca's aphasia, a condition characterized by impaired speech and difficulty forming sentences.

35. Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and balance?

    • a) Facial nerve
    • b) Vestibulocochlear nerve
    • c) Vagus nerve
    • d) Trigeminal nerve

Answer: b) Vestibulocochlear nerve
Description: The vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII) transmits signals from the inner ear to the brain. It is essential for hearing and maintaining balance and spatial orientation.

36. What is the role of the Nodes of Ranvier in a neuron?

    • a) Generate neurotransmitters
    • b) Speed up nerve impulse conduction
    • c) Store sodium ions
    • d) Support axonal branching

Answer: b) Speed up nerve impulse conduction
Description: The Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath along an axon. They facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses through saltatory conduction, allowing signals to "jump" from node to node.

37. What is the role of the autonomic ganglia in the nervous system?

    • a) Process sensory inputs
    • b) Relay motor commands
    • c) Transmit autonomic nerve signals
    • d) Protect neurons from injury

Answer: c) Transmit autonomic nerve signals
Description: Autonomic ganglia act as relay points where signals from the central nervous system are transmitted to target organs via postganglionic neurons, controlling involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.

38. What does the term "afferent" refer to in the nervous system?

    • a) Nerves carrying signals toward the CNS
    • b) Nerves carrying signals away from the CNS
    • c) Nerves connecting neurons
    • d) Nerves regulating hormones

Answer: a) Nerves carrying signals toward the CNS
Description: Afferent nerves, also called sensory nerves, carry signals from sensory receptors in the body to the central nervous system for processing. They play a vital role in perceiving external and internal stimuli.

39. Which part of the brain regulates emotions and memory?

    • a) Amygdala
    • b) Hippocampus
    • c) Cerebrum
    • d) Both a and b

Answer: d) Both a and b
Description: The amygdala and hippocampus, parts of the limbic system, are crucial for processing emotions and forming memories. The hippocampus is involved in long-term memory, while the amygdala regulates emotional responses like fear and aggression.

40. What is the role of Schwann cells in the nervous system?

    • a) Form the blood-brain barrier
    • b) Produce myelin in the PNS
    • c) Remove cellular debris
    • d) Support synaptic transmission

Answer: b) Produce myelin in the PNS
Description: Schwann cells are glial cells that produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They insulate axons, facilitating faster signal transmission and aiding in the regeneration of damaged nerve fibers.

41. Which part of the nervous system controls reflex actions?

    • a) Brain
    • b) Spinal cord
    • c) Medulla oblongata
    • d) Hypothalamus

Answer: b) Spinal cord
Description: The spinal cord controls reflex actions through reflex arcs. Reflexes are rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli that protect the body from harm, bypassing the brain to save time.

42. What is the function of the temporal lobe?

    • a) Process vision
    • b) Regulate balance
    • c) Interpret auditory information
    • d) Control motor functions

Answer: c) Interpret auditory information
Description: The temporal lobe processes auditory information and is also involved in memory and language comprehension. Damage to this area can impair hearing, memory, and speech understanding.

43. What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    • a) Prepare the body for fight or flight
    • b) Stimulate rest and digest activities
    • c) Regulate voluntary movements
    • d) Transmit sensory signals

Answer: b) Stimulate rest and digest activities
Description: The parasympathetic nervous system promotes "rest and digest" functions, conserving energy by slowing the heart rate, increasing intestinal activity, and relaxing sphincter muscles.

44. Which part of the brainstem is responsible for relaying signals between the cerebrum and cerebellum?

    • a) Medulla oblongata
    • b) Pons
    • c) Midbrain
    • d) Thalamus

Answer: b) Pons
Description: The pons, located in the brainstem, acts as a relay center for signals traveling between the cerebrum and cerebellum. It also plays a role in regulating sleep and breathing.

45. Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for vision?

    • a) Parietal lobe
    • b) Temporal lobe
    • c) Occipital lobe
    • d) Frontal lobe

Answer: c) Occipital lobe
Description: The occipital lobe, located at the back of the brain, is primarily responsible for processing visual information. It interprets data received from the eyes and converts it into recognizable images.

46. What is the term for the electrical charge that travels along a neuron?

    • a) Action potential
    • b) Resting potential
    • c) Synaptic transmission
    • d) Membrane potential

Answer: a) Action potential
Description: An action potential is an electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron. It is triggered when the neuron reaches a certain threshold, allowing the transmission of signals to other neurons or muscles.

47. Which cranial nerve controls facial expressions?

    • a) Trigeminal nerve
    • b) Facial nerve
    • c) Hypoglossal nerve
    • d) Glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer: b) Facial nerve
Description: The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) controls the muscles responsible for facial expressions. It also plays a role in taste sensation and the functioning of salivary and lacrimal glands.

48. What type of receptors detects pain?

    • a) Mechanoreceptors
    • b) Nociceptors
    • c) Thermoreceptors
    • d) Photoreceptors

Answer: b) Nociceptors
Description: Nociceptors are specialized sensory receptors that detect pain. They respond to potentially harmful stimuli, such as extreme heat, pressure, or chemical irritants, to signal tissue damage to the central nervous system.

49. Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?

    • a) Cerebellum
    • b) Medulla oblongata
    • c) Cerebrum
    • d) Thalamus

Answer: a) Cerebellum
Description: The cerebellum, located beneath the cerebrum, is responsible for maintaining balance, posture, and coordination. It ensures smooth and precise movements by integrating sensory and motor information.

50. What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

    • a) Axon
    • b) Neuron
    • c) Synapse
    • d) Ganglion

Answer: b) Neuron
Description: The neuron is the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system. It consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon, and is specialized for transmitting electrical and chemical signals.

51. What structure in the brain regulates body temperature?

    • a) Hypothalamus
    • b) Pituitary gland
    • c) Cerebellum
    • d) Medulla oblongata

Answer: a) Hypothalamus
Description: The hypothalamus regulates body temperature by maintaining homeostasis. It triggers responses like sweating or shivering and communicates with other systems to adjust the body's internal environment.

52. Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood and emotional regulation?

    • a) Dopamine
    • b) Serotonin
    • c) Acetylcholine
    • d) GABA

Answer: b) Serotonin
Description: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. Low levels of serotonin are linked to depression and anxiety, while its balance is crucial for emotional well-being.

53. What is the role of microglial cells in the nervous system?

    • a) Form myelin in the CNS
    • b) Protect neurons by phagocytosis
    • c) Regulate blood flow
    • d) Relay sensory signals

Answer: b) Protect neurons by phagocytosis
Description: Microglial cells act as the immune defense of the central nervous system. They remove cellular debris, pathogens, and damaged neurons by phagocytosis, maintaining neural health.

54. What is the term for the chemical messengers in the nervous system?

    • a) Hormones
    • b) Neurotransmitters
    • c) Enzymes
    • d) Receptors

Answer: b) Neurotransmitters
Description: Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons across synapses. Examples include dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine, each playing a specific role in neural communication and body function.

55. Which cranial nerve is also known as the vagus nerve?

    • a) Cranial nerve IX
    • b) Cranial nerve X
    • c) Cranial nerve XI
    • d) Cranial nerve XII

Answer: b) Cranial nerve X
Description: The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) is a mixed nerve involved in parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract. It also transmits sensory information from the internal organs to the brain.

56. What is the primary role of the somatic nervous system?

    • a) Regulate involuntary functions
    • b) Control voluntary muscle movements
    • c) Process sensory information
    • d) Maintain homeostasis

Answer: b) Control voluntary muscle movements
Description: The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements by transmitting motor signals from the brain to skeletal muscles. It also processes sensory input from the external environment.

57. Which part of the neuron transmits signals to other cells?

    • a) Axon
    • b) Dendrite
    • c) Cell body
    • d) Synaptic cleft

Answer: a) Axon
Description: The axon is a long, slender projection of a neuron that transmits electrical impulses to other neurons or effector cells. Axons are often insulated by myelin, which speeds up signal transmission.

58. What is the role of the frontal lobe in the brain?

    • a) Control vision
    • b) Regulate emotions, planning, and decision-making
    • c) Process auditory information
    • d) Maintain balance and coordination

Answer: b) Regulate emotions, planning, and decision-making
Description: The frontal lobe, located in the front part of the brain, is associated with higher cognitive functions such as reasoning, problem-solving, emotional regulation, and voluntary motor movements.

59. Which type of neuron carries signals from the CNS to muscles and glands?

    • a) Sensory neurons
    • b) Interneurons
    • c) Motor neurons
    • d) Glial cells

Answer: c) Motor neurons
Description: Motor neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, initiating movement or secretion. They are essential for executing voluntary and involuntary actions.

60. What is the main function of the myelin sheath?

    • a) Protect the neuron from injury
    • b) Speed up nerve impulse conduction
    • c) Store neurotransmitters
    • d) Connect neurons to blood vessels

Answer: b) Speed up nerve impulse conduction
Description: The myelin sheath is a fatty layer that wraps around axons, insulating them and speeding up the transmission of electrical impulses. It ensures efficient communication in the nervous system.

61. Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision?

    • a) Optic nerve
    • b) Oculomotor nerve
    • c) Trochlear nerve
    • d) Abducens nerve

Answer: a) Optic nerve
Description: The optic nerve (cranial nerve II) transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. It is crucial for the sense of sight and forms part of the visual pathway.

62. What structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

    • a) Corpus callosum
    • b) Hypothalamus
    • c) Thalamus
    • d) Brainstem

Answer: a) Corpus callosum
Description: The corpus callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, allowing communication and coordination between the two sides of the brain.

63. What is the role of the hypothalamus in the nervous system?

    • a) Control movement
    • b) Regulate homeostasis
    • c) Process sensory input
    • d) Interpret auditory signals

Answer: b) Regulate homeostasis
Description: The hypothalamus plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating body temperature, hunger, thirst, and the sleep-wake cycle. It also controls the endocrine system through the pituitary gland.

64. Which ion is essential for the propagation of an action potential?

    • a) Calcium
    • b) Sodium
    • c) Potassium
    • d) Chloride

Answer: b) Sodium
Description: Sodium ions are essential for action potential propagation. During depolarization, sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to rush into the neuron, generating the electrical signal.

65. Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response?

    • a) Parasympathetic nervous system
    • b) Sympathetic nervous system
    • c) Somatic nervous system
    • d) Central nervous system

Answer: b) Sympathetic nervous system
Description: The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for fight-or-flight responses during stress by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and diverting blood flow to muscles.

66. Which type of glial cell produces myelin in the central nervous system?

    • a) Schwann cells
    • b) Oligodendrocytes
    • c) Astrocytes
    • d) Microglia

Answer: b) Oligodendrocytes
Description: Oligodendrocytes are glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that produce myelin. Myelin insulates axons, enabling faster electrical signal transmission between neurons.

67. Which part of the brainstem regulates vital functions such as heart rate and breathing?

    • a) Midbrain
    • b) Pons
    • c) Medulla oblongata
    • d) Thalamus

Answer: c) Medulla oblongata
Description: The medulla oblongata, located in the brainstem, regulates essential autonomic functions like heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure, ensuring survival.

68. What is the term for a junction between two neurons?

    • a) Dendrite
    • b) Synapse
    • c) Axon hillock
    • d) Neurolemma

Answer: b) Synapse
Description: A synapse is the junction where one neuron communicates with another via neurotransmitters. It consists of a presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane.

69. Which neurotransmitter is involved in muscle contraction?

    • a) Dopamine
    • b) Serotonin
    • c) Acetylcholine
    • d) Glutamate

Answer: c) Acetylcholine
Description: Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that facilitates muscle contraction. It is released at neuromuscular junctions, where it binds to receptors on muscle fibers, triggering contraction.

70. What is the function of the thalamus in the brain?

    • a) Control voluntary movements
    • b) Relay sensory information to the cerebrum
    • c) Regulate body temperature
    • d) Process visual signals

Answer: b) Relay sensory information to the cerebrum
Description: The thalamus acts as a relay center for sensory information, directing signals from the body to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex for processing.

71. What is the primary function of the spinal cord?

    • a) Process emotions
    • b) Relay messages between the brain and body
    • c) Store long-term memory
    • d) Control balance and coordination

Answer: b) Relay messages between the brain and body
Description: The spinal cord acts as a communication highway, transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain and motor commands from the brain to the body.

72. Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?

    • a) Optic nerve
    • b) Olfactory nerve
    • c) Trigeminal nerve
    • d) Vagus nerve

Answer: b) Olfactory nerve
Description: The olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I) transmits sensory information related to smell from the nasal cavity to the brain, playing a key role in the sense of olfaction.

73. What is the function of the midbrain?

    • a) Regulate autonomic functions
    • b) Control visual and auditory reflexes
    • c) Maintain balance and posture
    • d) Relay sensory signals

Answer: b) Control visual and auditory reflexes
Description: The midbrain, part of the brainstem, controls reflex actions related to visual and auditory stimuli. It also plays a role in motor movement and arousal.

74. What is the resting potential of a neuron?

    • a) +70 mV
    • b) -70 mV
    • c) 0 mV
    • d) -55 mV

Answer: b) -70 mV
Description: The resting potential of a neuron is approximately -70 mV. It is maintained by the sodium-potassium pump, which creates a difference in ion concentration across the cell membrane.

75. Which part of the brain is responsible for language comprehension?

    • a) Wernicke's area
    • b) Broca's area
    • c) Frontal lobe
    • d) Cerebellum

Answer: a) Wernicke's area
Description: Wernicke's area, located in the temporal lobe, is involved in language comprehension. Damage to this area can result in Wernicke's aphasia, characterized by fluent but nonsensical speech.

76. Which structure in the nervous system connects the brain to the spinal cord?

    • a) Cerebellum
    • b) Brainstem
    • c) Thalamus
    • d) Corpus callosum

Answer: b) Brainstem
Description: The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and is responsible for regulating essential life functions, including breathing, heart rate, and consciousness.

77. Which ion is most abundant inside a resting neuron?

    • a) Sodium (Na⁺)
    • b) Potassium (K⁺)
    • c) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
    • d) Chloride (Cl⁻)

Answer: b) Potassium (K⁺)
Description: In a resting neuron, potassium ions are most abundant inside the cell, while sodium ions dominate outside. This gradient, maintained by the sodium-potassium pump, is critical for generating action potentials.

78. What is the main neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system?

    • a) Dopamine
    • b) Acetylcholine
    • c) Norepinephrine
    • d) Serotonin

Answer: b) Acetylcholine
Description: Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system. It promotes "rest and digest" activities, such as slowing the heart rate and stimulating digestion.

79. Which type of neuron transmits signals from sensory organs to the central nervous system?

    • a) Motor neurons
    • b) Interneurons
    • c) Sensory neurons
    • d) Glial cells

Answer: c) Sensory neurons
Description: Sensory neurons carry signals from sensory organs, such as the skin, eyes, and ears, to the central nervous system for interpretation and response.

80. What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    • a) Insulate axons
    • b) Transport oxygen to the brain
    • c) Protect the brain and spinal cord
    • d) Generate action potentials

Answer: c) Protect the brain and spinal cord
Description: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cushions the brain and spinal cord, provides nutrients, removes waste, and maintains a stable environment within the central nervous system.

81. Which part of the neuron receives incoming signals?

    • a) Axon
    • b) Cell body
    • c) Dendrites
    • d) Myelin sheath

Answer: c) Dendrites
Description: Dendrites are branching extensions of a neuron that receive incoming signals from other neurons or sensory receptors. They transmit these signals to the cell body.

82. What is the gap between two neurons called?

    • a) Axon terminal
    • b) Synaptic cleft
    • c) Node of Ranvier
    • d) Neurolemma

Answer: b) Synaptic cleft
Description: The synaptic cleft is the tiny gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals.

83. Which region of the brain is associated with memory formation?

    • a) Hypothalamus
    • b) Cerebellum
    • c) Hippocampus
    • d) Medulla oblongata

Answer: c) Hippocampus
Description: The hippocampus, part of the limbic system, is crucial for forming and storing new memories. It also plays a role in spatial navigation and learning.

84. What are Schwann cells responsible for in the peripheral nervous system?

    • a) Transmitting sensory signals
    • b) Producing myelin
    • c) Regulating neurotransmitters
    • d) Phagocytosis

Answer: b) Producing myelin
Description: Schwann cells are glial cells in the peripheral nervous system that produce myelin, which insulates axons and speeds up nerve impulse conduction.

85. What is the function of the nodes of Ranvier?

    • a) Generate neurotransmitters
    • b) Allow saltatory conduction
    • c) Store potassium ions
    • d) Connect neurons

Answer: b) Allow saltatory conduction
Description: The nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath along axons. They enable saltatory conduction, where electrical impulses "jump" between nodes, increasing signal speed.

86. Which part of the autonomic nervous system is active during relaxation?

    • a) Sympathetic nervous system
    • b) Parasympathetic nervous system
    • c) Central nervous system
    • d) Somatic nervous system

Answer: b) Parasympathetic nervous system
Description: The parasympathetic nervous system promotes relaxation by slowing the heart rate, stimulating digestion, and conserving energy in "rest-and-digest" conditions.

87. What is the term for the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord?

    • a) Dura mater
    • b) Meninges
    • c) Pia mater
    • d) Arachnoid mater

Answer: b) Meninges
Description: The meninges are three protective membranes (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) that cover the brain and spinal cord, providing structural support and protection.

88. What does the term "neuroplasticity" refer to?

    • a) Growth of neurons
    • b) Formation of myelin
    • c) Ability of the brain to adapt and change
    • d) Propagation of action potentials

Answer: c) Ability of the brain to adapt and change
Description: Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to reorganize and adapt by forming new neural connections. It is essential for learning, memory, and recovery from brain injury.

89. Which part of the brain is known as the "relay station"?

    • a) Thalamus
    • b) Hypothalamus
    • c) Medulla oblongata
    • d) Cerebellum

Answer: a) Thalamus
Description: The thalamus acts as a relay station, processing and transmitting sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex for interpretation.

90. What is the primary role of astrocytes in the nervous system?

    • a) Form the blood-brain barrier
    • b) Produce cerebrospinal fluid
    • c) Generate action potentials
    • d) Insulate axons

Answer: a) Form the blood-brain barrier
Description: Astrocytes are glial cells that help maintain the blood-brain barrier, regulate nutrient supply, and support neuronal function in the central nervous system.

91. Which lobe of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?

    • a) Frontal lobe
    • b) Parietal lobe
    • c) Occipital lobe
    • d) Temporal lobe

Answer: c) Occipital lobe
Description: The occipital lobe, located at the back of the brain, is primarily responsible for processing visual information, including interpreting shapes, colors, and movement.

92. Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood regulation and is often linked to depression when levels are low?

    • a) Dopamine
    • b) Serotonin
    • c) Glutamate
    • d) GABA

Answer: b) Serotonin
Description: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, sleep, and appetite. Low serotonin levels are associated with depression and other mood disorders.

93. What is the function of the cerebellum in the nervous system?

    • a) Regulate heart rate
    • b) Control voluntary movements and balance
    • c) Process emotions
    • d) Transmit sensory signals

Answer: b) Control voluntary movements and balance
Description: The cerebellum is located at the base of the brain and is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements, maintaining balance, and ensuring smooth and precise motor activities.

94. Which part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting signals to other neurons or effectors?

    • a) Dendrites
    • b) Axon
    • c) Cell body
    • d) Synapse

Answer: b) Axon
Description: The axon is a long, slender projection of a neuron that transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands via synaptic terminals.

95. What is the role of microglial cells in the central nervous system?

    • a) Produce cerebrospinal fluid
    • b) Act as immune cells
    • c) Generate myelin
    • d) Relay sensory signals

Answer: b) Act as immune cells
Description: Microglial cells are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system. They remove pathogens, dead cells, and debris, protecting the brain from infections and inflammation.

96. What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at a synapse?

    • a) Sodium influx
    • b) Potassium efflux
    • c) Calcium influx
    • d) Chloride efflux

Answer: c) Calcium influx
Description: The influx of calcium ions into the presynaptic terminal triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, enabling communication between neurons.

97. Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary actions like digestion and heart rate?

    • a) Somatic nervous system
    • b) Central nervous system
    • c) Autonomic nervous system
    • d) Peripheral nervous system

Answer: c) Autonomic nervous system
Description: The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary actions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

98. What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?

    • a) Visual processing
    • b) Auditory processing
    • c) Decision-making and motor control
    • d) Language comprehension

Answer: c) Decision-making and motor control
Description: The frontal lobe is involved in higher cognitive functions such as decision-making, planning, reasoning, and voluntary motor control. It also plays a role in personality and behavior.

99. Which cranial nerve controls facial expressions?

    • a) Trigeminal nerve
    • b) Facial nerve
    • c) Glossopharyngeal nerve
    • d) Hypoglossal nerve

Answer: b) Facial nerve
Description: The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) controls the muscles responsible for facial expressions. It also plays a role in taste sensation and secretion of saliva and tears.

100. Which area of the brain regulates the sleep-wake cycle?

    • a) Amygdala
    • b) Pineal gland
    • c) Hypothalamus
    • d) Cerebellum

Answer: c) Hypothalamus 

Description: The hypothalamus regulates the sleep-wake cycle by controlling the release of melatonin through the pineal gland. It also integrates signals from the circadian rhythm and external light conditions.

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