MCQs on Human Endocrine System

4.8
(4426)

1. What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

    • a) Circulating blood
    • b) Transmitting electrical impulses
    • c) Regulating metabolic processes through hormones
    • d) Transporting oxygen

Answer: c) Regulating metabolic processes through hormones
Description: The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones, which regulate various physiological processes such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood. Hormones act as chemical messengers that affect distant target organs.

2. Which gland is known as the "master gland" of the body?

    • a) Thyroid
    • b) Pineal
    • c) Pituitary
    • d) Adrenal

Answer: c) Pituitary
Description: The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls several other endocrine glands, including the thyroid, adrenal glands, and gonads, by secreting hormones that regulate their activity.

3. Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?

    • a) Insulin
    • b) Glucagon
    • c) Thyroxine
    • d) Growth hormone

Answer: a) Insulin
Description: Insulin, produced by the pancreas, helps regulate blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells for energy. When blood glucose levels are high, insulin is released to lower them.

4. Where is the thyroid gland located?

    • a) In the brain
    • b) In the neck, near the trachea
    • c) In the abdomen
    • d) Behind the stomach

Answer: b) In the neck, near the trachea
Description: The thyroid gland is located in the anterior part of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. It produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and affect growth and development.

5. Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal glands?

    • a) Estrogen
    • b) Cortisol
    • c) Progesterone
    • d) Prolactin

Answer: b) Cortisol
Description: Cortisol is produced by the adrenal cortex and is involved in the body's stress response, regulating metabolism, inflammation, and immune function. It is commonly known as the "stress hormone."

6. What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

    • a) Stimulate milk production
    • b) Increase blood calcium levels
    • c) Decrease blood glucose levels
    • d) Regulate blood pressure

Answer: b) Increase blood calcium levels
Description: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced by the parathyroid glands and regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. It increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and calcium absorption in the intestines.

7. Which hormone is released by the pancreas to increase blood glucose levels?

    • a) Glucagon
    • b) Insulin
    • c) Adrenaline
    • d) Cortisol

Answer: a) Glucagon
Description: Glucagon is released by the pancreas when blood glucose levels are low. It stimulates the liver to release stored glucose (glycogen), increasing blood glucose levels to maintain energy supply for the body.

8. What is the role of oxytocin during childbirth?

    • a) Stimulate milk production
    • b) Stimulate uterine contractions
    • c) Promote calcium absorption
    • d) Regulate blood sugar

Answer: b) Stimulate uterine contractions
Description: Oxytocin, released by the pituitary gland, stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery. It also helps in the ejection of milk from the mammary glands during breastfeeding.

9. Which of the following hormones is involved in the regulation of metabolism?

    • a) Adrenaline
    • b) Thyroxine
    • c) Growth hormone
    • d) Prolactin

Answer: b) Thyroxine
Description: Thyroxine (T4) is produced by the thyroid gland and regulates the body's metabolic rate. It controls how quickly the body uses energy and affects growth, development, and body temperature.

10. What is the primary function of aldosterone?

  • a) Stimulate stress response
  • b) Regulate blood sodium and potassium levels
  • c) Stimulate uterine contractions
  • d) Promote calcium absorption

Answer: b) Regulate blood sodium and potassium levels
Description: Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate sodium and potassium levels in the blood, thus maintaining blood pressure and fluid balance.

11. Which gland produces melatonin, which regulates sleep patterns?

  • a) Pineal gland
  • b) Pituitary gland
  • c) Adrenal glands
  • d) Thyroid gland

Answer: a) Pineal gland
Description: The pineal gland produces melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin is produced in response to darkness and is involved in promoting sleep.

12. What hormone is responsible for the "fight or flight" response?

  • a) Testosterone
  • b) Insulin
  • c) Adrenaline
  • d) Prolactin

Answer: c) Adrenaline
Description: Adrenaline (epinephrine) is produced by the adrenal glands during stressful situations, activating the "fight or flight" response. It increases heart rate, dilates airways, and prepares the body for rapid action.

13. Which of the following hormones promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females?

  • a) Estrogen
  • b) Progesterone
  • c) Testosterone
  • d) Prolactin

Answer: a) Estrogen
Description: Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone that promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development and widening of the hips. It also regulates the menstrual cycle.

14. Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production in females?

  • a) Progesterone
  • b) Prolactin
  • c) Oxytocin
  • d) Estrogen

Answer: b) Prolactin
Description: Prolactin, produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates milk production in the mammary glands following childbirth. It is essential for lactation and breast development.

15. Which hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate growth and development?

  • a) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • b) Growth hormone (GH)
  • c) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • d) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer: b) Growth hormone (GH)
Description: Growth hormone (GH), produced by the anterior pituitary, stimulates growth and development in children and helps regulate metabolism in adults. It affects the growth of bones and muscles.

16. The adrenal medulla produces which of the following hormones?

  • a) Cortisol
  • b) Aldosterone
  • c) Epinephrine
  • d) Insulin

Answer: c) Epinephrine
Description: The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, which are involved in the body's response to stress and help increase heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate.

17. Which of the following is a function of insulin?

  • a) Increase blood glucose levels
  • b) Decrease blood glucose levels
  • c) Increase calcium absorption
  • d) Stimulate red blood cell production

Answer: b) Decrease blood glucose levels
Description: Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells for energy. It also helps store glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

18. Which hormone is involved in regulating water balance in the body?

  • a) Aldosterone
  • b) Vasopressin (ADH)
  • c) Insulin
  • d) Thyroxine

Answer: b) Vasopressin (ADH)
Description: Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. It helps regulate water balance by reducing water excretion in the kidneys.

19. Which of the following hormones increases blood calcium levels?

  • a) Insulin
  • b) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • c) Thyroxine
  • d) Growth hormone

Answer: b) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Description: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises blood calcium levels by promoting the release of calcium from bones, increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, and reducing calcium excretion by the kidneys.

20. Which of the following is produced by the testes in males?

  • a) Estrogen
  • b) Testosterone
  • c) Progesterone
  • d) Prolactin

Answer: b) Testosterone
Description: Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone produced by the testes. It is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair and deep voice, and plays a role in sperm production.

21. Which hormone regulates the circadian rhythm and is produced by the pineal gland?

  • a) Serotonin
  • b) Cortisol
  • c) Melatonin
  • d) Growth hormone

Answer: c) Melatonin
Description: Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland in response to darkness and helps regulate the circadian rhythm, influencing sleep-wake cycles. Its production decreases with exposure to light and is key to managing sleep patterns.

22. What is the main function of insulin in the body?

  • a) Stimulates the release of glucose from the liver
  • b) Increases fat storage
  • c) Lowers blood glucose levels
  • d) Increases red blood cell production

Answer: c) Lowers blood glucose levels
Description: Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells. It is crucial for energy production and maintaining normal blood sugar levels.

23. Which of the following is the primary effect of glucagon?

  • a) Decrease blood sugar levels
  • b) Stimulate fat storage
  • c) Increase blood sugar levels
  • d) Inhibit protein synthesis

Answer: c) Increase blood sugar levels
Description: Glucagon, produced by the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream, counteracting the effects of insulin.

24. What is the function of luteinizing hormone (LH) in females?

  • a) Stimulates ovulation
  • b) Stimulates the growth of follicles
  • c) Increases estrogen production
  • d) Inhibits progesterone secretion

Answer: a) Stimulates ovulation
Description: Luteinizing hormone (LH), secreted by the pituitary gland, triggers ovulation in females by stimulating the release of a mature egg from the ovarian follicle. It also plays a role in the production of progesterone.

25. What is the primary function of the hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

  • a) Stimulate thyroid hormone release
  • b) Regulate blood pressure
  • c) Control metabolism
  • d) Inhibit growth hormone release

Answer: a) Stimulate thyroid hormone release
Description: TSH is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), which regulate metabolism, energy production, and overall growth and development.

26. Which hormone is produced by the ovaries and promotes the development of the female reproductive system?

  • a) Estrogen
  • b) Progesterone
  • c) Prolactin
  • d) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer: a) Estrogen
Description: Estrogen is primarily produced by the ovaries and is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females, such as breast development and menstrual cycle regulation.

27. What is the role of the adrenal glands in response to stress?

  • a) Secrete estrogen
  • b) Release adrenaline and cortisol
  • c) Produce melatonin
  • d) Regulate growth

Answer: b) Release adrenaline and cortisol
Description: The adrenal glands release adrenaline (epinephrine) and cortisol in response to stress. These hormones activate the body's "fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate, energy production, and alertness.

28. Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the production of milk in females?

  • a) Oxytocin
  • b) Estrogen
  • c) Prolactin
  • d) Progesterone

Answer: c) Prolactin
Description: Prolactin is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates milk production in the mammary glands after childbirth. It is crucial for lactation in breastfeeding women.

29. Which of the following hormones is secreted by the pancreas?

  • a) Insulin
  • b) Estrogen
  • c) Adrenaline
  • d) Progesterone

Answer: a) Insulin
Description: The pancreas secretes insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells. It plays a key role in energy metabolism and maintaining glucose homeostasis.

30. What is the primary role of growth hormone (GH)?

  • a) Stimulate egg production
  • b) Promote the growth of bones and muscles
  • c) Regulate fluid balance
  • d) Stimulate the release of insulin

Answer: b) Promote the growth of bones and muscles
Description: Growth hormone (GH) stimulates growth and development by promoting the growth of bones and muscles. It also helps regulate metabolism and supports tissue repair.

31. Which of the following is a function of the hormone prolactin?

  • a) Increase milk production
  • b) Regulate blood calcium levels
  • c) Stimulate ovulation
  • d) Decrease blood sugar

Answer: a) Increase milk production
Description: Prolactin is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in stimulating the production of milk in the mammary glands, particularly after childbirth.

32. Which hormone is responsible for the body's response to stress and is produced by the adrenal glands?

  • a) Cortisol
  • b) Progesterone
  • c) Insulin
  • d) Thyroxine

Answer: a) Cortisol
Description: Cortisol, produced by the adrenal glands, is involved in the stress response. It helps the body cope with stress by regulating metabolism, immune function, and reducing inflammation.

33. Which of the following hormones is secreted by the testes?

  • a) Testosterone
  • b) Estrogen
  • c) Progesterone
  • d) Insulin

Answer: a) Testosterone
Description: Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone, produced by the testes. It is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair and deep voice, and plays a role in sperm production.

34. Which of the following hormones is produced by the hypothalamus and controls the release of other hormones?

  • a) Insulin
  • b) Thyroxine
  • c) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • d) Cortisol

Answer: c) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Description: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland to release hormones that regulate the reproductive system, including luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

35. Which hormone plays a key role in the regulation of the circadian rhythm?

  • a) Insulin
  • b) Melatonin
  • c) Cortisol
  • d) Thyroid hormones

Answer: b) Melatonin
Description: Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, helps regulate the body's internal clock and circadian rhythm. It is involved in sleep-wake cycles and is typically produced in response to darkness.

36. Which of the following hormones is involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle?

  • a) Insulin
  • b) Progesterone
  • c) Growth hormone
  • d) Oxytocin

Answer: b) Progesterone
Description: Progesterone is a hormone produced by the ovaries that plays a crucial role in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. It helps prepare the uterus for pregnancy and supports early stages of pregnancy.

37. Which of the following hormones is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the production of sperm in males?

  • a) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • b) Growth hormone (GH)
  • c) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • d) Prolactin

Answer: c) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Description: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), secreted by the pituitary gland, stimulates the production of sperm in males by acting on the testes. It is also involved in the development of ovarian follicles in females.

38. What is the role of the hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

  • a) Stimulates the release of insulin
  • b) Regulates blood pressure
  • c) Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
  • d) Stimulates the production of growth hormone

Answer: c) Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
Description: TSH, produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones, including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolism and energy production.

39. Which of the following hormones is produced by the pancreas to help lower blood sugar levels?

  • a) Glucagon
  • b) Cortisol
  • c) Insulin
  • d) Epinephrine

Answer: c) Insulin
Description: Insulin, secreted by the pancreas, helps regulate blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels. It is critical in managing energy metabolism.

40. What is the function of aldosterone in the body?

  • a) Regulate sleep-wake cycles
  • b) Promote sodium retention by the kidneys
  • c) Stimulate milk production
  • d) Increase the heart rate

Answer: b) Promote sodium retention by the kidneys
Description: Aldosterone is produced by the adrenal glands and helps regulate salt and water balance by promoting sodium retention in the kidneys. This increases blood volume and blood pressure.

41. Which of the following hormones is responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood?

  • a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • b) Growth hormone
  • c) Insulin
  • d) Cortisol

Answer: a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Description: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced by the parathyroid glands and plays a vital role in regulating calcium levels in the blood. It increases calcium levels by promoting the release of calcium from bones.

42. Which hormone is produced by the placenta and is essential for maintaining pregnancy?

  • a) Oxytocin
  • b) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
  • c) Prolactin
  • d) Progesterone

Answer: b) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Description: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the placenta during pregnancy. It supports the corpus luteum, which in turn maintains progesterone production, essential for pregnancy maintenance in the early stages.

43. Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla and increases heart rate during stress?

  • a) Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
  • b) Cortisol
  • c) Insulin
  • d) Melatonin

Answer: a) Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
Description: Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is produced by the adrenal medulla. It is part of the body's "fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy supply during stressful situations.

44. What is the function of oxytocin during childbirth?

  • a) Regulate milk production
  • b) Stimulate uterine contractions
  • c) Increase blood pressure
  • d) Stimulate ovulation

Answer: b) Stimulate uterine contractions
Description: Oxytocin, produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary, stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. It also facilitates milk ejection during breastfeeding.

45. Which of the following is the primary role of the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)?

  • a) Control growth and development
  • b) Regulate blood glucose levels
  • c) Promote calcium absorption
  • d) Control the body's metabolism

Answer: d) Control the body's metabolism
Description: Thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) are produced by the thyroid gland. They regulate metabolism, energy production, and influence the growth and development of tissues throughout the body.

46. Which of the following hormones is responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle and ovulation in females?

  • a) Estrogen
  • b) Progesterone
  • c) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • d) Prolactin

Answer: c) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Description: Luteinizing hormone (LH) is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and triggers ovulation in females. It works with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to regulate the menstrual cycle and ovulation.

47. Which of the following hormones helps the body manage stress by increasing glucose production?

  • a) Thyroxine
  • b) Cortisol
  • c) Prolactin
  • d) Growth hormone

Answer: b) Cortisol
Description: Cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress. It increases glucose production by stimulating gluconeogenesis, helping the body meet the energy demands during stressful situations.

48. Which hormone is responsible for increasing red blood cell production?

  • a) Erythropoietin
  • b) Prolactin
  • c) Melatonin
  • d) Insulin

Answer: a) Erythropoietin
Description: Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced mainly by the kidneys. It stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow, primarily in response to low oxygen levels in the blood.

49. Which hormone regulates the body’s response to seasonal changes and is involved in the sleep-wake cycle?

  • a) Melatonin
  • b) Thyroid hormones
  • c) Cortisol
  • d) Adrenaline

Answer: a) Melatonin
Description: Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland and helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle, particularly in response to light. It also plays a role in the body’s adaptation to seasonal changes in light exposure.

50. Which of the following hormones is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the growth of bones and tissues?

  • a) Prolactin
  • b) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • c) Growth hormone (GH)
  • d) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer: c) Growth hormone (GH)
Description: Growth hormone (GH), also called somatotropin, is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and promotes growth and development by stimulating the growth of bones and tissues. It also influences metabolism and tissue repair.

51. Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the production of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland?

  • a) Growth hormone
  • b) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • c) Insulin
  • d) Prolactin

Answer: b) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Description: TSH, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). These hormones regulate metabolism, energy balance, and growth.

52. Which hormone released from the pituitary gland stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol?

  • a) Growth hormone
  • b) Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • c) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • d) Prolactin

Answer: c) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Description: ACTH is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol. Cortisol helps manage stress, regulate metabolism, and control inflammation.

53. What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Answer: d) Decrease urine production
Description: ADH, also known as vasopressin, is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. It regulates water balance by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine production.

54. Which hormone is responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycles?

  • a) Thyroxine
  • b) Melatonin
  • c) Insulin
  • d) Progesterone

Answer: b) Melatonin
Description: Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland in response to darkness. It regulates the body’s internal clock and influences the sleep-wake cycle, promoting restful sleep.

55. Which of the following hormones helps in the breakdown of fats and proteins for energy?

  • a) Insulin
  • b) Glucagon
  • c) Estrogen
  • d) Cortisol

Answer: d) Cortisol
Description: Cortisol is a stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps the body utilize energy by stimulating the breakdown of fats and proteins. It ensures a steady supply of energy during times of stress.

56. Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary and stimulates uterine contractions during labor?

  • a) Prolactin
  • b) Oxytocin
  • c) Growth hormone
  • d) Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Answer: b) Oxytocin
Description: Oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. It stimulates uterine contractions during labor and promotes milk ejection during breastfeeding.

57. Which of the following hormones is produced by the testes and is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?

  • a) Estrogen
  • b) Progesterone
  • c) Testosterone
  • d) Cortisol

Answer: c) Testosterone
Description: Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone produced by the testes. It is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass.

58. What is the primary function of the hormone progesterone in females?

  • a) Stimulate egg production
  • b) Promote the growth of the uterine lining
  • c) Regulate milk production
  • d) Promote ovulation

Answer: b) Promote the growth of the uterine lining
Description: Progesterone is secreted by the ovaries and prepares the uterus for pregnancy by promoting the thickening of the endometrial lining for the implantation of a fertilized egg.

59. What is the function of calcitonin in the body?

  • a) Stimulate calcium release from bones
  • b) Increase calcium absorption in the intestines
  • c) Lower blood calcium levels
  • d) Promote calcium excretion in the kidneys

Answer: c) Lower blood calcium levels
Description: Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and helps regulate calcium levels in the blood by lowering calcium levels through inhibiting osteoclast activity and stimulating calcium deposition in bones.

60. Which hormone helps control the body’s metabolism by regulating the rate at which cells use energy?

  • a) Cortisol
  • b) Insulin
  • c) Thyroxine
  • d) Prolactin

Answer: c) Thyroxine
Description: Thyroxine (T4) is produced by the thyroid gland and regulates metabolism by controlling the rate at which cells utilize energy. It plays a significant role in growth, energy production, and overall body functions.

61. Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production after childbirth?

  • a) Prolactin
  • b) Oxytocin
  • c) Estrogen
  • d) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer: a) Prolactin
Description: Prolactin, produced by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates milk production in the mammary glands. It is crucial for lactation following childbirth.

62. Which hormone secreted by the pancreas promotes the release of glucose into the bloodstream?

  • a) Insulin
  • b) Glucagon
  • c) Cortisol
  • d) Somatostatin

Answer: b) Glucagon
Description: Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas and works to raise blood glucose levels. It stimulates the liver to release glucose by breaking down glycogen, especially when blood glucose levels are low.

63. Which of the following hormones is involved in regulating sleep and is produced by the pineal gland?

  • a) Cortisol
  • b) Melatonin
  • c) Thyroxine
  • d) Prolactin

Answer: b) Melatonin
Description: Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland in response to darkness. It helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle and has a role in the body's circadian rhythm.

64. Which hormone is responsible for regulating water balance in the body by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys?

  • a) Oxytocin
  • b) Insulin
  • c) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • d) Aldosterone

Answer: c) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Description: ADH, produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary, controls water balance by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus reducing urine output and conserving body fluids.

65. Which of the following hormones increases glucose availability during periods of stress?

  • a) Insulin
  • b) Cortisol
  • c) Glucagon
  • d) Thyroid hormones

Answer: b) Cortisol
Description: Cortisol is released by the adrenal glands during stress and helps increase glucose availability by stimulating gluconeogenesis (the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources), providing energy for the body’s stress response.

66. Which of the following hormones is produced by the parathyroid glands and regulates calcium levels in the blood?

  • a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • b) Calcitonin
  • c) Aldosterone
  • d) Insulin

Answer: a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Description: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid glands and helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. It increases blood calcium levels by promoting calcium release from bones.

67. Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids like cortisol?

  • a) Prolactin
  • b) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • c) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • d) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer: b) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Description: ACTH, produced by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids, including cortisol. Cortisol helps manage the body's response to stress and influences metabolism.

68. Which of the following hormones is responsible for the regulation of blood sugar levels by increasing glucose uptake by cells?

  • a) Insulin
  • b) Glucagon
  • c) Epinephrine
  • d) Cortisol

Answer: a) Insulin
Description: Insulin, produced by the pancreas, facilitates glucose uptake by cells, thereby lowering blood glucose levels. It is crucial in regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism and ensuring cellular energy.

69. What is the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during pregnancy?

  • a) Stimulates milk production
  • b) Supports the corpus luteum to maintain progesterone secretion
  • c) Promotes uterine contractions
  • d) Stimulates ovulation

Answer: b) Supports the corpus luteum to maintain progesterone secretion
Description: hCG is produced by the placenta during pregnancy. It helps maintain the corpus luteum, which continues to secrete progesterone, essential for maintaining the pregnancy during the first trimester.

70. Which of the following hormones is produced by the kidneys and stimulates the production of red blood cells?

  • a) Erythropoietin
  • b) Cortisol
  • c) Adrenaline
  • d) Prolactin

Answer: a) Erythropoietin
Description: Erythropoietin (EPO) is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood. It stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells, which increases oxygen transport capacity.

71. Which hormone is produced by the pancreas and raises blood sugar levels by promoting glycogen breakdown?

  • a) Insulin
  • b) Glucagon
  • c) Cortisol
  • d) Epinephrine

Answer: b) Glucagon
Description: Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose levels are low. It promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to release glucose, thereby raising blood sugar levels.

72. What is the function of aldosterone in the body?

  • a) Increases sodium and water retention in kidneys
  • b) Stimulates the release of cortisol
  • c) Regulates sleep-wake cycles
  • d) Reduces calcium levels in the blood

Answer: a) Increases sodium and water retention in kidneys
Description: Aldosterone is produced by the adrenal cortex and helps regulate sodium and water balance. It promotes sodium retention in the kidneys, which increases water retention, thus helping to maintain blood volume and blood pressure.

73. Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle and is produced by the pineal gland?

  • a) Melatonin
  • b) Thyroxine
  • c) Progesterone
  • d) Prolactin

Answer: a) Melatonin
Description: Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland in response to darkness. It regulates the circadian rhythm, promoting sleep and helping the body adapt to changes in light exposure throughout the day.

74. Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during labor?

  • a) Progesterone
  • b) Estrogen
  • c) Oxytocin
  • d) Prolactin

Answer: c) Oxytocin
Description: Oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It stimulates uterine contractions during labor and also promotes milk ejection during breastfeeding.

75. Which hormone is responsible for the release of glucose from the liver during fasting?

  • a) Insulin
  • b) Glucagon
  • c) Cortisol
  • d) Thyroid hormone

Answer: b) Glucagon
Description: Glucagon, secreted by the pancreas, promotes glycogen breakdown in the liver during fasting or low blood glucose levels. This process releases glucose into the bloodstream to maintain normal blood sugar levels.

76. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics?

  • a) Estrogen
  • b) Testosterone
  • c) Progesterone
  • d) Prolactin

Answer: a) Estrogen
Description: Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone produced by the ovaries. It is responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development, widening of hips, and regulation of the menstrual cycle.

77. Which hormone is produced by the pancreas and helps regulate the body’s glucose metabolism?

  • a) Insulin
  • b) Thyroxine
  • c) Growth hormone
  • d) Glucagon

Answer: a) Insulin
Description: Insulin is secreted by the pancreas and helps regulate glucose metabolism by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells for energy or storage as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

78. What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium regulation?

  • a) Decreases blood calcium levels
  • b) Increases blood calcium levels
  • c) Increases calcium excretion
  • d) Stimulates calcium absorption from the intestine

Answer: b) Increases blood calcium levels
Description: PTH is produced by the parathyroid glands and raises blood calcium levels by promoting calcium release from bones and increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.

79. Which hormone regulates water balance by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys?

  • a) Aldosterone
  • b) Cortisol
  • c) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • d) Prolactin

Answer: c) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Description: ADH, produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary, promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys, helping to conserve body water and regulate blood pressure.

80. Which of the following hormones helps in the regulation of blood sugar by decreasing glucose levels?

  • a) Glucagon
  • b) Insulin
  • c) Cortisol
  • d) Thyroid hormone

Answer: b) Insulin
Description: Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, which lowers blood glucose. It is produced by the pancreas in response to elevated blood sugar levels.

81. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the regulation of the menstrual cycle in females?

  • a) Estrogen
  • b) Progesterone
  • c) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • d) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer: a) Estrogen
Description: Estrogen is a key hormone in regulating the menstrual cycle. It promotes the development of the follicle in the ovaries and stimulates the growth of the uterine lining, preparing it for potential pregnancy.

82. Which hormone produced by the adrenal medulla is responsible for the "fight or flight" response?

  • a) Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • b) Norepinephrine
  • c) Cortisol
  • d) Prolactin

Answer: a) Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Description: Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is released by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. It increases heart rate, dilates airways, and raises blood glucose levels, preparing the body for a quick response to danger.

83. What is the primary function of insulin in the body?

  • a) Stimulate glycogen breakdown
  • b) Promote fat storage
  • c) Promote glucose uptake into cells
  • d) Stimulate sodium retention in kidneys

Answer: c) Promote glucose uptake into cells
Description: Insulin, secreted by the pancreas, helps regulate blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells, where it is either used for energy or stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

84. Which of the following hormones is involved in regulating calcium levels in the blood by decreasing its concentration?

  • a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • b) Calcitonin
  • c) Aldosterone
  • d) Thyroxine

Answer: b) Calcitonin
Description: Calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland and lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells) and promoting calcium deposition in bones.

85. Which of the following hormones is involved in the response to stress and helps regulate metabolism during stress?

  • a) Cortisol
  • b) Thyroxine
  • c) Insulin
  • d) Prolactin

Answer: a) Cortisol
Description: Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal glands, helps the body cope with stress. It increases blood sugar levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis and regulates metabolism to ensure sufficient energy during stressful situations.

86. Which hormone, produced by the hypothalamus, is responsible for regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland?

  • a) Oxytocin
  • b) Cortisol
  • c) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • d) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Answer: c) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Description: TRH is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This, in turn, activates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

87. Which hormone stimulates the release of milk from the mammary glands during breastfeeding?

  • a) Prolactin
  • b) Oxytocin
  • c) Estrogen
  • d) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer: b) Oxytocin
Description: Oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary gland during breastfeeding. It causes the smooth muscles around the mammary glands to contract, resulting in milk ejection from the breasts.

88. Which of the following hormones is responsible for the regulation of salt and water balance in the body?

  • a) Aldosterone
  • b) Cortisol
  • c) Prolactin
  • d) Parathyroid hormone

Answer: a) Aldosterone
Description: Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex. It regulates salt and water balance by promoting sodium retention in the kidneys, which leads to water retention, thus helping to maintain blood pressure and volume.

89. Which of the following hormones is involved in stimulating the production of milk after childbirth?

  • a) Progesterone
  • b) Prolactin
  • c) Estrogen
  • d) Thyroxine

Answer: b) Prolactin
Description: Prolactin is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and is essential for the initiation of milk production in the mammary glands following childbirth. It also plays a role in regulating reproductive functions.

90. What is the primary function of the hormone leptin?

  • a) Stimulate appetite
  • b) Regulate energy balance and inhibit appetite
  • c) Stimulate milk production
  • d) Promote insulin secretion

Answer: b) Regulate energy balance and inhibit appetite
Description: Leptin is produced by adipocytes (fat cells) and helps regulate energy balance by signaling the brain to inhibit hunger and increase energy expenditure when fat stores are sufficient.

91. Which hormone is responsible for the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in females?

  • a) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • b) Estrogen
  • c) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • d) Progesterone

Answer: c) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Description: FSH is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and is responsible for stimulating the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in females. It also plays a role in the regulation of the menstrual cycle.

92. What is the primary function of thyroid hormone in the body?

  • a) Increase blood glucose levels
  • b) Regulate metabolism and growth
  • c) Control fluid balance
  • d) Stimulate reproductive function

Answer: b) Regulate metabolism and growth
Description: Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), produced by the thyroid gland, regulate metabolism by controlling the rate at which cells use energy. They also play a significant role in growth and development.

93. Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating the release of eggs from the ovaries?

  • a) Estrogen
  • b) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • c) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • d) Prolactin

Answer: b) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Description: LH is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the release of a mature egg from the ovarian follicle during ovulation. It works in conjunction with FSH to regulate the menstrual cycle.

94. Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal glands and helps to manage stress?

  • a) Epinephrine
  • b) Norepinephrine
  • c) Cortisol
  • d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above
Description: Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol are all produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress. These hormones increase heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose availability, helping the body respond to stress or danger.

95. Which hormone is involved in the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism, mainly by increasing calcium absorption from the intestines?

  • a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • b) Calcitonin
  • c) Vitamin D
  • d) Growth hormone

Answer: c) Vitamin D
Description: Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption from the intestines, playing a crucial role in maintaining calcium and phosphate balance in the body. It also works in conjunction with PTH to regulate bone health.

96. Which of the following hormones plays a role in regulating the body’s stress response and reducing inflammation?

  • a) Cortisol
  • b) Testosterone
  • c) Thyroid hormone
  • d) Oxytocin

Answer: a) Cortisol
Description: Cortisol is a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress. It helps the body manage stress, regulates metabolism, and has anti-inflammatory effects.

97. Which hormone secreted by the pancreas helps to inhibit the release of insulin and glucagon?

  • a) Somatostatin
  • b) Glucagon
  • c) Cortisol
  • d) Progesterone

Answer: a) Somatostatin
Description: Somatostatin, produced by the pancreas, inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon, regulating the body’s glucose levels and maintaining homeostasis by preventing excess secretion of these hormones.

98. Which hormone is produced by the hypothalamus and controls the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary?

  • a) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • b) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • c) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  • d) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer: a) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Description: TRH, produced by the hypothalamus, stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which then stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

99. Which of the following hormones is essential for regulating the immune response and inflammation?

  • a) Epinephrine
  • b) Cortisol
  • c) Estrogen
  • d) Oxytocin

Answer: b) Cortisol
Description: Cortisol is crucial in regulating the body’s immune response, modulating inflammation, and ensuring that the body can respond appropriately to stress while maintaining homeostasis.

100. Which hormone is responsible for the growth and development of male secondary sexual characteristics?

  • a) Estrogen
  • b) Testosterone
  • c) Progesterone
  • d) Cortisol

Answer: b) Testosterone
Description: Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone produced by the testes. It is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass.

 

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