Which of the following nutritional deficiencies is most closely associated with an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration?

A Vitamin A deficiency
B Vitamin C deficiency
C Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency
D Lutein and zeaxanthin deficiency ✓

Explanation

Lutein and zeaxanthin are carotenoids that are found in high concentrations in the macula, a region at the center of the retina. These compounds play a crucial role in protecting the macula from damage caused by blue light and oxidative stress, and deficiencies in these nutrients have been linked to an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration.

Source

National Eye Institute
Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders Ophthalmology Nutritional Ophthalmology Hard MEDICAL Confidence: high